A developer focused on 'backend' development typically works with which programming languages?

Backend development primarily involves creating and maintaining the server-side logic and database interactions that power applications. The programming languages used in backend development are designed to handle database operations, server logic, and client-server communication.

The correct option mentions Python, Ruby, and PHP, which are widely used in backend development due to their powerful frameworks and libraries. For instance, Python offers frameworks like Django and Flask; Ruby is well-known for Ruby on Rails, and PHP is often used with its frameworks like Laravel and Symfony. These languages facilitate creating robust server-side applications by emphasizing ease of use, extensive libraries, and community support.

The other options include languages that are not typically focused on backend development. For instance, C++ and JavaScript (in a frontend context) primarily cater to different domains, such as system programming and client-side interactivity. HTML and CSS are markup languages used for structuring and styling webpages, not for backend functionality. Swift and Kotlin are primarily used for mobile application development, focusing on iOS and Android platforms respectively, rather than for backend tasks.