What principle within ACID confirms that database transactions do not affect each other?

The principle of Isolation within ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) is fundamental in ensuring that database transactions do not affect each other. It guarantees that each transaction operates independently, meaning that the execution of one transaction is isolated from others running concurrently. This ensures that the actions of one transaction do not interfere with or affect the outcome of another transaction, thus preventing scenarios such as dirty reads, non-repeatable reads, or phantom reads.

For instance, if two transactions are processing at the same time, Isolation allows each transaction to run as if it were the only one in the system. This is crucial for maintaining data integrity and consistency, particularly in environments where multiple transactions occur simultaneously, such as in online transaction processing systems.

Atomicity, while important, focuses on the "all-or-nothing" aspect of transactions, ensuring that a transaction either completes fully or not at all. Consistency ensures that transactions move the database from one valid state to another, maintaining data integrity according to predefined rules and constraints. Durability guarantees that once a transaction has been committed, it remains so, even in the face of system failures. While these principles are vital to database management, it is Isolation that specifically addresses the need for transactions to operate independently of